Implementing a Thermostat with the Events Interface

February 19, 2015

A thermostat is a device that senses the temperature of a system and uses this information to control the system’s heaters, or coolers, to keep the temperature close to a desired setpoint. While there are many different types of thermostats, we will focus today on one that turns a heater either on or off based upon two setpoints. This is known as an on-off or a bang-bang controller, and it can be implemented with the Events interface in COMSOL Multiphysics.

How Thermostats Work

Let’s consider a thermostat similar to the one that you have in your home. Although there are many different types of thermostats, most of them use the same control scheme: A sensor that monitors temperature is placed somewhere within the system, usually some distance away from the heater. When the sensed temperature falls below a desired lower setpoint, the thermostat switches the heater on. As the temperature rises above a desired upper setpoint, the thermostat switches the heater off. This is known as a bang-bang controller. In practice, you typically only have a single setpoint, and there is an offset, or lag, which is used to define the upper and lower setpoints.

The objective of having different upper and lower setpoints is to minimize the switching of the heater state. If the upper and lower setpoints are the same, the thermostat would constantly be cycling the heater, which can lead to premature component failure. If you do want to implement such a control, you only need to know the current temperature of the sensor. This can be modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics quite easily, as we have highlighted in this previous blog post.

On the other hand, the bang-bang controller is a bit more complex since it does need to know something about the history of the system; the heater changes its state as the temperature rises above or below the setpoints. In other words, the controller provides hysteresis. In COMSOL Multiphysics, this can be implemented using the Events interface.

Using the Events Interface to Control a Heater

When using COMSOL Multiphysics to solve time-dependent models, the Events interface is used to stop the time-stepping algorithms at a particular point and offer the possibility of changing the values of variables. The times at which these events occur can be specified either explicitly or implicitly. An explicit event should be used when we know the point in time when something about the system changes. We’ve previously written about this topic on the blog in the context of modeling a periodic heat load. An implicit event, on the other hand, occurs at an unknown point in time and thus requires a bit more set-up. Let’s take a look at how this is done within the context of the thermal model shown below.

A schematic of a thermal system.
Sketch of the thermal system under consideration.

Consider a simple thermal model of a lab-on-a-chip device modeled in a 2D plane. A one millimeter thick glass slide has a heater on one side and a temperature sensor on the other. We will treat the heater as a 1W heat load distributed across part of the bottom surface, and we will assume that there is a very small, thermally insignificant temperature sensor on the top surface. There is also free convective cooling from the top of the slide to the surroundings, which is modeled with a heat flux boundary condition. The system is initially at 20°C, and we want to keep the sensor between 45°C and 55°C.

Defining the sensor temperature with a Component Coupling in COMSOL Multiphysics.
A Component Coupling is used to define the Variable, T_s, the sensor temperature.

The first thing we need to do — before using the Events interface — is define the temperature at the sensor point via an Integration Component Coupling and a Variable, as shown above. The reason why this is done is to make the temperature at this point, T_s, available within the Events interface.

The Events interface itself is added like any other physics interface within COMSOL Multiphysics. It is available within the Mathematics > ODE and DAE interfaces branch.

A screenshot of the Discrete States interface.
The Discrete States interface is used to define the state of the heater. Initially, the heater is on.

First, we use the Events interface to define a set of discrete variables, variables which are discontinuous in time. These are appropriate for modeling on/off conditions, as we have here. The Discrete States interface shown above defines a variable, HeaterState, which is multiplied by the applied heat load in the Heat Transfer in Solids problem. The variable can be either one or zero, depending upon the system’s temperature history. The initial condition is one, meaning we are starting our simulation with the heater on. It is important that we set the appropriate initial condition here. It is this HeaterState variable that will be changed depending upon the sensor temperature during the simulation.

Two Indicator States in the Events interface.
Two Indicator States in the Events interface depend upon the sensor temperature.

To trigger a change in the HeaterState variable, we need to first introduce two Indicator States. The objective of the Indicator States is to define variables that will indicate when an event will occur. There are two indicator variables defined. The Up indicator variable is defined as:

T_s - 55[degC]

which goes smoothly from negative to positive as the sensor temperature rises above 55°C. Similarly, the Down indicator variable will go smoothly from negative to positive at 45°C. We will want to trigger a change in the HeaterState variable as these indicator variables change sign.

Reinitializing the HeaterState variable.
The HeaterState variable is reinitialized within the Events interface.

We use the Implicit Events interface, since we do not know ahead of time when these events will occur, but we do know under what conditions we want to change the state of the heater. As shown above, two Implicit Event features are used to reinitialize the state of the heater to either zero or one, depending upon when the Up and Down indicator variables become greater than or less than zero, respectively. The event is triggered when the logical condition becomes true. Once this happens, the transient solver will stop and restart with the newly initialized HeaterState variable, which is used to control the applied heat, as illustrated below.

A screenshot depicting the use of a HeaterState variable to control the applied heat.
The HeaterState variable controls the applied heat.

When solving this model, we can make some changes to the solver settings to ensure that we have good accuracy and keep only the most important results. We will want to solve this model for a total time of 30 minutes, and we will store the results only at the time steps that the solver takes. These settings are depicted below.

The study settings for the Time-Dependent Solver.
The study settings for the Time-Dependent Solver set the total solution time from 0-30 minutes, with a relative tolerance of 0.001.

We will need to make some changes within the settings for the Time-Dependent Solver. These changes can be made prior to the solution by first right-clicking on the Study branch, choosing “Show Default Solver”, and then making the two changes shown below.

An image of modifications to the default solver settings.
Modifications to the default solver settings. The event tolerance is changed to 0.001 and the output times to store are set to the steps taken by the solver.

Of course, as with any finite element simulation, we will want to study the convergence of the solution as the mesh is refined and the solver tolerances are made tighter. Representative simulation results are highlighted below and demonstrate how the sensor temperature is kept between the upper and lower setpoints. Also, observe that the solver takes smaller time steps immediately after each event, but larger time steps when the solution varies gradually.

A plot illustrating how the heater switches on and off to maintain the sensor temperature between the setpoints.
The heater switches on and off to keep the sensor temperature between the setpoints.

Summary

We have demonstrated here how implicit events can be used to stop and restart the solver as well as change variables that control the model. This enables us to model systems with hysteresis, such as thermostats, and perform simulations with minimal computational cost.


Comments (15)

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Vishwas Nesarikar
Vishwas Nesarikar
April 29, 2015

HI Walter,
Can you please make this model file available for download ?
Thanks
Vish

Walter Frei
Walter Frei
April 30, 2015

Hello Vishwas,

If you’re running into difficulties when you try to follow the instructions in this article, please contact the support team and we can assist.

Adoh Cyrille
Adoh Cyrille
May 27, 2020

hi Walter,
How can i make if i want to have constant temperature, example 20 – 120 degC for 5 min and then 120 degC for 5 to 8 mn . Ttat’s possible ?

EH Ooi
EH Ooi
June 19, 2015

Hello, I tried to do something similar for heating of tissue. Everything was going okay except that after a few cycles, the simulation stops with an error saying that ‘Last time step is not converged’. This is long before the end of my intended simulations. Is there anyway to overcome this? Thank you.

Ean Hin

EH Ooi
EH Ooi
June 19, 2015

Hello,

I tried to do something similar for heating of tissue. Everything was going okay except that after a few cycles, the simulation stops with an error saying that ‘Last time step is not converged’. This is long before the end of my intended simulations. Is there anyway to overcome this? Thank you.

Ean Hin

Walter Frei
Walter Frei
June 22, 2015

Dear Ean Hin,

If you’re running into difficulties when you try to follow the instructions in this article, please contact the support team and we can assist.

Harry Scott
Harry Scott
June 24, 2015

Hi cheers for the tutorial.

I am implementing a pulsed heat source using explicit events following your example. The results seem fine… Except.. I noticed that comsol calculates the same time step twice at each explicit event. Is this normal, or am I missing something?

Walter Frei
Walter Frei
June 24, 2015

Hello Harry, It would be worth sending this question and an example file to COMSOL Support, as it is difficult to comment otherwise.

Qingping Guo
Qingping Guo
November 4, 2015

Hi Walter,

Is any possible to find the heating time from 0 to 55 oC? I like to use it for designing heaters.

Thanks.

Qingping

Shahid Ahmed
Shahid Ahmed
April 12, 2016

Hi Walter,

I ran a simulation implementing Thermostat with Events Interface, it works well with Up and Down Temperature Conditions, however wonder how to link implicitly the heating end-time to the cooling start time if a soaking time of say 200 s is needed between heating end-time and cooling start-time. I already have tried the variable HeaterOffTime with Point ODE, it didn’t work. Your help in this regard would highly be appreciated.

Thanks,
Shahid

Shahid Ahmed
Shahid Ahmed
April 12, 2016

Hi Walter,

One more thing I missed to mention is the cooling process involves water flow through a cavity instead of convective air cooling implemented in your example.

Regards,
Shahid

Yangguang Ou
Yangguang Ou
October 20, 2016

Hi Walter:

I concur with one of the commenters above – can you make this model available in the application library? It would be really helpful.

Thanks!

Caty Fairclough
Caty Fairclough
October 20, 2016

Hi Qingping, Shahid, and Yangguang,

Thank you for your comments and for your interest in this blog post! For your questions, I would suggest reaching out to our support team.

Online support center: https://www.comsol.com/support
Email: support@comsol.com

Best,
Caty

António Lopes
António Lopes
July 13, 2020

Hi Walter, great post. Helped me a lot.
I was wondering if one can make an explicit Event to change a variable, for example T(t)=T+constant for a given simulation time. I words can I control the number of triggers created by the Events module regarding to simulation time? What if I only want to change the variable Temperature when I reach the instant t=2s and I don’t want to repeat anymore (Non periodic Event or One Time Instantaneous Event) .
Or if I needed to, repeat it only 3 or times creating a logical statement that recognises the independent variable t(time) and acts on it?
Thanks in Advanced.

António Lopes

Walter Frei
Walter Frei
July 13, 2020 COMSOL Employee

Hello António,
Yes, you can do so, with adding additional Events and a bit of logic. As some inspiration, see also these posts:
https://www.comsol.com/blogs/control-current-and-voltage-sources-with-the-acdc-module/
https://www.comsol.com/blogs/how-to-implement-a-delay-in-your-thermostat-simulation/

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