 | This model shows the application of COMSOL Multiphysics in the modeling of non-isothermal laminar flow of fluids (in this case a gas). The model assumes that the expansion work done by the gas is negligible, that the variations in... |
 | Electromagnetic heating is ideally suited for modeling in COMSOL Multiphysics. This model shows the area of hyperthermic oncology but the modeling issues and techniques are generally applicable to any problem involving electromagnetic... |
 | The conditions within gas turbines are extreme. The pressure can be as high as 40 bar, and the temperature more than 1000 K. Any new component must therefore be carefully designed to be able to withstand thermal stresses, vibrations and... |
 | This example models the transient heating, and final temperature, of a disc brake of a car in brake-and-release sequence. It is important to model the transient heating and the following convective cooling to determine the minimum... |
 | This model treats the free convection and heat transfer of a glass of cold water heated to room temperature. Initially, the glass and the water are at 5 °C and are then put on a table in a room at 25 °C.
The nonisothermal flow is... |
 | This model solves the fluid flow and heat transfer in a micro heat exchanger made of stainless steel. These types of heat exchangers are found in lab-on-chip devices in biotechnology and micro reactors, for example for micro fuel cells.... |
 | The backward facing step is an interesting case for studying the performance and solution strategy of a turbulence model. In this case, the flow is subjected to a sudden increase of cross-sectional area, resulting in a separation of flow... |
 | This simple example covers the heating of a finite slab and how the temperature varies with time. We will set up the problem in COMSOL Multiphysics after which we compare the solution to the analytical solution.
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 | In this example, we study the transport by convection and conduction. Such a system may be found in a heat exchanger or in heating of endothermic reactors. The fluid flow enters the unit cell from below and the fluid is heated as it... |
 | The model has its emphasis on heat transport in a very small heat exchanger which is commonly used in the field of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, MEMS. In this case it might be a reactive processes that needs heating.
The heat... |
 | This model treats the free convection of argon gas within a light bulb. It shows the coupling of heat transport (conduction, radiation and convection) to momentum transport (non-isothermal flow) induced by density variations caused by... |
 | This example models the casting process of a metal rod from melted to solid state using the Non-Isothermal Flow multiphysics interface, which combines heat transfer and fluid flow. The model describes the fluid and solid flow and heat... |
 | This model shows how to build and solve a radiative heat transfer problem using the Heat Transfer interface. In particular, this 2D model illustrates the use of the surface-to-surface radiation feature.
In this model, three surfaces... |
 | When cooking food, such as a patty, in convection ovens there is a trade off in the heating method. If the patty is heated at a low oven temperature the cooking is slow and the patty dries out, resulting in a poor taste. If the patty is... |
 | The suite of models examine the air cooling of circuit boards populated with multiple integrated circuits (ICs), which act as heat sources. Two possible cooling scenarios are depicted: vertically aligned boards using natural convection,... |
 | A cooling flange in a chemical process is used to cool the process fluid, which flows through the flange. The surrounding air cools the flange via natural convection. In the stationary model, the forced convection to the process fluid is... |
 | In this time-dependent model, a silica block of glass, coated with a thin copper layer is subjected to a heat flux. Copper is a highly conductive material, while the silica glass is of poor thermal conductivity, which sets up an... |
 | This model how to build and solve a conductive heat transfer problem using the Heat Transfer interface. The model, taken from a NAFEMS benchmark collection, shows an axisymmetric steady-state thermal analysis. As opposed to the NAFEMS... |
 | In friction stir welding, a rotating tool moves along the weld joint and melts the aluminum through the generation of friction heat. The tool’s rotation stirs the melted aluminum such that the two plates are joined.
In this model,... |
 | This model shows the application of COMSOL Multiphysics in modeling the non-isothermal flow of gases at relatively low flow velocities.
Here, a vertical plate is held at a constant temperature, which is higher than that of the... |
 | Small heating circuits find use in many applications. For example, in manufacturing processes they heat up reactive fluids. The device used consists of an electrically resistive layer deposited on a glass plate. The layer causes Joule... |
 | Thermal management has become a critical aspect of today’s electronic systems, which often include many high-performance circuits that dissipate large amounts of heat. Many of these components require efficient cooling to prevent... |
 | This example demonstrates how to model a phase change and predict its impact on a heat transfer analysis. When a material changes phase, for instance from solid to liquid, energy is added to the solid. Instead of creating a temperature... |
 | This model describes the temperature distribution in a coil-shaped power transformer which is cooled by forced flow of transformer oil from the bottom.
The properties of the oil varies strongly with temperature, making modeling of the... |
 | This model simulates a static analysis of heat conduction in a thin conductive shell.
This is a benchmark model where the result is compared with a NAFEMS benchmark solution. |
 | The drive for miniaturizing electronic devices has resulted in today’s extensive use of surface-mount electronic components. An important aspect in electronics design and the choice of materials is a product’s durability and lifetime.... |
 | This example models heat transfer in a thin rectangular metal plate. Because the plate’s thickness is only 1/100 of its length and width, you can simulate the process using a 2D approximation. The plate has a fixed temperature at one... |
 | This model illustrates an application that maximizes surface-to-surface radiative fluxes and minimizes conductive heat fluxes.
A thermo-photo-voltaic (TPV) cell generates electricity from the combustion of fuel and through radiation.... |
 | One method for removing cancerous tumors from healthy tissue is to heat the malignant tissue to a critical temperature that kills the cancer cells. This example accomplishes the localized heating by inserting a four-armed electric probe... |
 | In the semiconductor industry, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) is a semiconductor process step used for the activation of dopants and the interfacial reaction of metal contacts. In principle, the operation involves rapid heating of a wafer... |
 | The example concerns a stainless-steel MEMS heat exchanger, which you can find in lab-on-a-chip devices in biotechnology and in microreactors such as for micro fuel cells. This model examines the heat exchanger in 3D, and it involves heat... |
 | A microrobot's leg, which structurally moves due to the rapid application of heat, is modeled in this example. Heat is generated by an electric current and propagates by conduction through the leg and, due to thermal expansion and... |
 | All integrated circuits—especially high-speed devices—produce heat. In today’s dense electronic system layouts heat sources are many times placed close to heat-sensitive ICs. Designers of printed-circuit boards often need to... |
 | Several factors influence a diesel particulate filter’s (DPF) efficiency and durability. Important issues include the removal of soot particles from the filter membranes and the influence of thermal stress on the ceramic structure,... |
 | Furnace reactors are used in the fabrication of semiconductors to grow layers on wafers. These can also be used for epitaxial growth, which is a key technology for fabrication of electrical devices.
A silicon carbide growth takes place... |
 | This example shows how to model forced turbulent convection cooling with COMSOL Multiphysics. Two different approaches are demonstrated.
The first one uses the K-epsilon Turbulent Flow interface together with the Heat Transfer... |
 | This model studies a part of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger where hot water enters from above. The cooling medium flows through the tubes that, in this model, impose a constant temperature at the walls. Furthermore, the tubes are assumed... |
 | The following example solves a pure conduction and a free-convection problem in which a vacuum flask holding hot coffee dissipates thermal energy. The main interest is to calculate the flasks cooling power; that is, how much heat it loses... |
 | This example demonstrates how to model phase transition by a moving boundary interface according to the Stefan problem.
A square cavity containing both solid and liquid tin is submitted to a temperature difference between left and right... |
 | The inductor is a common component in a variety of electrical devices. Its applications include power transformation and measurements, and it can also be used together with capacitors to create oscillators. In small devices with many... |
 | This problem follows a typical preliminary board-level thermal analysis. First perform a simulation of the board with some Integrated Circuits (ICs). Then, add a disk-stack heat sink to observe cooling effects. Finally, explore adding a... |
 | Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process for drying heat-sensitive substances such as foods, blood plasma, and antibiotics. The wet substance is frozen and then, through sublimation, ice (or some other frozen solvent) is removed in... |
 | This model illustrates how to implement a multiphysics contact. It models the thermal and electrical behavior of two contacting parts of a switch. The electrical current and the heat flow from one part to the other only through the... |
 | In massive forming processes like rolling or extrusion, metal alloys are deformed in a hot solid state with material flowing under ideally plastic conditions. Such processes can be simulated effectively using computational fluid dynamics,... |
 | This document show heat transfer capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics.
It is organized in 2 parts:
-1- Presentation of all heat transfer features available in COMSOL Multiphysics and its modules.
-2- A selection of models including... |
 | Fluid dampers are used in military devices for shock isolation and in civil structures for suppressing earthquake-induced shaking and wind-induced vibrations, among many other applications. Fluid dampers work by dissipating the mechanical... |
 | This model uses the Discrete-Ordinates method (DOM) to solve a 3D radiative transfer problem in an emitting, absorbing, and linear-anisotropic scattering finite cylindrical medium. Using the S6 quadrature of DOM leads to faster and more... |
 | This model is intended as a first introduction to simulations of fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer. It shows you how to:
Draw an air box around a device in order to model convective cooling in
this box.
Set a total heat flux on a... |
 | In every system where there is conduction of electric current, and where the conductivity of the material is finite, there will be electric heating. Electric heating, also referred to as Joule heating, is in many cases an undesired... |
 | This model uses the discrete-ordinates method (DOM) to analyze the radiative heat transfer in a utility boiler with internal obstacles. DOM is one of the most useful radiation models for prediction of radiative heat fluxes on the furnace... |
 | This example studies heat transfer in a square column. Cold and hot temperature conditions are applied to the boundaries. Due to the symmetry of the problem, the geometry is simplified to half of the square. The temperature field is... |
 | This example studies heat transfer in a composite two-dimensional structure. Four materials with distinct thermal conductivities k compose the structure. The top and bottom boundaries are facing environments respectively at 0°C and... |
 | This model studies the heat conduction in a building structure separating two floors from the external environment. Four materials with distinct thermal conductivities k compose the structure. The exterior and interior boundaries are... |
 | This model studies the heat conduction in a thermal bridge made up of an iron bar and an insulation layer that separates a hot internal side from a cold external side. The heat flux between internal and external side and the maximum... |
 | When a temperature gradient in a gas exists, suspended particles will tend to move from regions of high temperature to low. The force which produces this effect is called the thermophoretic force. Gas molecules colliding with a particle... |
 | Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are commonly used in oil refineries and other large chemical processes. In this model, two separated fluids at different temperatures flow through the heat exchanger, one through the tubes (tube side) and... |
 | This is a variant on the heat transfer model library model "RF Cancer Therapy" which includes a damage integral calculation to estimate the extent of cancer necrosis. The damage integral is based on an energy-absorption method rather... |
 | This example studies the stationary state of free convection in a cavity filled with water and bounded by two vertical plates. To generate the buoyancy flow, the plates are heated at different temperatures, bringing the regime close to... |
 | This example shows how to set up multiple sandwiched thin layers with different thermal conductivities in two different ways. First, the composite is modeled as a 3D object. In the second approach the Thin thermally resistive layer... |
 | This example simulates the thermodynamical evolution of moist air in an electronic box with the aim of detecting whether condensation occurs when the external environment properties change. The model imports measured data for the air... |
 | This example reproduces parts of the study of Ref. 1 on the thermal contact resistance at the interface between a heat sink and an electronic package. Eight cooling fins equip the cylindrical heat sink and contact is made at the radial... |
