Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process for drying heat-sensitive substances such as foods, blood plasma, and antibiotics. The wet substance is frozen and then, through sublimation, ice (or some other frozen solvent) is removed in...
Tubular reactors are often used in continuous large-scale production, for example in the petroleum industry. One key design and optimization parameter is the conversion, or the amount of reactant that reacts to form the desired product....
This example studies a narrow vertical cylinder placed on top of a reservoir filled with water. Because of wall adhesion and surface tension at the air/water interface, water rises through the channel. Surface tension and wall adhesive...
Many complex fluids of interest exhibit a combination of viscous and elastic behavior under strain. Examples of such fluids are polymer solutions and melts, oil, toothpaste, and clay, among many others. The Oldroyd-B fluid presents...
This model example shows how to model tissue heating induced by focused ultrasound. First, the stationary acoustic field in the water and the tissue are modeled to obtain the acoustic intensity distribution in the tissue. The absorbed...
This tutorial shows how to model transient heat conduction in a glass slab heated by a laser beam. The tutorial emphasizes on the use of functions to model the laser power as a body heat source. Several key design variables have been...
This example illustrates the ability to couple thermal, electrical, and structural analysis in one model. This particular application moves a beam by passing a current through it; the current generates heat, and the temperature increase...
The following example solves a pure conduction and a free-convection problem in which a vacuum flask holding hot coffee dissipates thermal energy. The main interest is to calculate the flasks cooling power; that is, how much heat it loses...
In a peristaltic pump, rotating rollers squeeze a flexible tube. As the rollers move along the tube, the fluid in the tube follows the motion. The main advantage of the peristaltic pump is that no seals, valves or other internal parts...
A plane TE-polarized electromagnetic wave is incident on a gold nanoparticle on a dielectric substrate. The absorption and scattering cross sections of the particle are computed for a few different polar and azimuthal angles of...
