Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process for drying heat-sensitive substances such as foods, blood plasma, and antibiotics. The wet substance is frozen and then, through sublimation, ice (or some other frozen solvent) is removed in...
One method for removing cancerous tumors from healthy tissue is to heat the malignant tissue to a critical temperature that kills the cancer cells. This example accomplishes the localized heating by inserting a four-armed electric probe...
This example studies the stationary state of free convection in a cavity filled with water and bounded by two vertical plates. To generate the buoyancy flow, the plates are heated at different temperatures, bringing the regime close to...
Electromagnetic heating is ideally suited for modeling in COMSOL Multiphysics. This model shows the area of hyperthermic oncology but the modeling issues and techniques are generally applicable to any problem involving electromagnetic...
This example demonstrates how to model phase transition by a moving boundary interface according to the Stefan problem. A square cavity containing both solid and liquid tin is submitted to a temperature difference between left and right...
In friction stir welding, a rotating tool moves along the weld joint and melts the aluminum through the generation of friction heat. The tool’s rotation stirs the melted aluminum such that the two plates are joined. In this model,...
The following example solves a pure conduction and a free-convection problem in which a vacuum flask holding hot coffee dissipates thermal energy. The main interest is to calculate the flasks cooling power; that is, how much heat it loses...
This model illustrates an application that maximizes surface-to-surface radiative fluxes and minimizes conductive heat fluxes. A thermo-photo-voltaic (TPV) cell generates electricity from the combustion of fuel and through radiation....
This model treats the free convection and heat transfer of a glass of cold water heated to room temperature. Initially, the glass and the water are at 5 °C and are then put on a table in a room at 25 °C. The nonisothermal flow is...
In every system where there is conduction of electric current, and where the conductivity of the material is finite, there will be electric heating. Electric heating, also referred to as Joule heating, is in many cases an undesired...
