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How to stimulate the electrode on the semiconductor module?

Posted Aug 6, 2025, 1:57 a.m. EDT Semiconductor Devices Version 6.2 0 Replies

Wei Huang

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Hi guys,

I want to stimulate a ITO-ETL-PVSK-HTL-FTO Perovskite solar cells by using the semiconductor module of COMSOL to investigate quantities like electrical potential, concentration of holes and electrons, and etcs, and I want all layers are included. Now I encounter a problem, which is I couldn't include FTO in my model although I can include ITO.

The first thing came into my mind for this issue is that maybe it is due to the PN effects on HTL(P)-FTO(N), such that there exists an large energy level gap on their interface, so the holes in HTL could hardly move into FTO, which then fail to solve the continuity equation on that boundary. However, after some adjustments on the electric affinity of FTO and HTL, I was almost close that gap(left a <0.5eV energy gap), the stimulation failed again.

As for the other b.c.s and i.c.s, I set 0V on the top of ITO, and a scanned volt Vapp on the bottom of FTO, and doping ITO/FTO with 1e20[1/cm^3] in N-type, HTL with 1e18[1/cm^3] in P-type, and ETL with 1e18[1/cm^3] in N-type.

Thanks Pals

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