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These features are added to the Model Builder as subnodes to the heterojunction or the Schottky contact boundary conditions. The Graded Heterojunction Model This heterojunction tunneling model compares the simulated current density of a graded heterojunction with and without tunneling at different temperatures.

The default finite volume formulation, due to its discontinuous treatment of variables across the mesh interfaces, would require a much finer mesh near the barriers for those systems. See: Heterojunction Tunneling. The Model Builder with the Continuity/Heterojunction node selected and the corresponding Settings window showing the Continuation Settings section.

This benchmark model simulates three different heterojunction configurations under forward and reverse bias. It shows the difference in using the continuous quasi-Fermi level formulation versus the thermionic emission formulation for the charge transfer across the heterojunction. The simulated energy levels are compared between each configuration in order to illustrate the origin of the charge transfer, that is, whether it is primarily from holes in the valence band or from electrons in the conduction band.

In this project, we developed a 3D optoelectronic model for organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells. We validated our COMSOL Multiphysics® model with experimental data and used our simulation to predict the optical and electrical characteristics of a 3D plasmonic OPV device. This work has the potential to open up possibilities for future designs and simulations of nanostructure-enhanced organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

Initial tests are done by modeling the heating process on a previously-solved silicon p-n junction as a proof of concept before advancing to a more complicated geometry. Strategies for mapping heterojunction material properties are discussed and estimates for carrier concentrations and current in place of a full carrier model solution are explored.

This benchmark model simulates a graded heterojunction using the thermionic emission formulation for the charge transfer over the junction.

The former can be easily extended to the DG formulation: Just let the quasi-Fermi level and the Slotboom variable be continuous across the heterojunction, which is automatic for Lagrange shape functions. The latter option assumes the thermionic emission process dominates and allows the quasi-Fermi level and the Slotboom variable to be discontinuous across the heterojunction. The same formula as the drift-diffusion theory is used for the thermionic current density, yielding similar results.

COMSOL Multiphysics® 6.0 Release Highlights Download Version 6.0 View All Semiconductor Module Updates For users of the Semiconductor Module, COMSOL Multiphysics® version 6.0 includes functionality for transition between discrete trap energy levels, the ability to add contact resistance to metal contacts, and new heterojunction heat source functionality for thermal modeling.

Secondly then we fabricated a ZnO/Silicon nanowires (ZnO/Si NWs) based p-n heterojunction diode which detect Nitric Oxide (NO) gas at least down to 0.5ppm (with dry N2 as the ambience gas). We make a physical model based on p-n heterojunction with analysis of cross-sectional electron microscopy and line energy dispersive spectroscopy.

The quantum confinement effect for the quantum well layer is automatically accounted for with the default Continuous quasi-Fermi levels option for the Continuity/Heterojunction boundary condition, active at the well-barrier interfaces.

In this research work, we developed a virtual model to examine the electrical conductivity of multilayered thin films when positioned above a single layer and multilayers of graphene, and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Additional structured thin films were configure as follows: organic layers of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a hole conducting layer, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), as p-type, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as n-type, with aluminum (Al) added as a top conductor. COMSOL Multiphysics® was the primary simulation tool used to develop the virtual model, and analyze variations in electric potential and conductivity throughout the thin-film structural system.

This model simulates a GaN based light emitting diode. The emission intensity, spectrum, and quantum efficiency are calculated as a function of the driving current. Direct radiative recombination across the band gap is modeled, as well as non-radiative Auger and trap-assisted recombination processes. This results in a sub-linear increase in emission intensity with increasing current, which is a common characteristic of LED devices known as LED droop.

The authors of the paper use COMSOL Multiphysics to show that the local thermal management of a AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistor (HFET) can be substantially improved via introduction of the additional heat-escaping channels -- top-surface heat spreaders -- made of few-layer graphene (FLG).

Non-charge-based logic is the notion that an electron can be trapped and its spin manipulated through application of gate voltages. Numerical simulations of Spin Single Electron Transistors (SSET) at University at Albany, aimed at practical development of post-CMOS concepts and devices is presented. We use COMSOL based multiphysics finite element simulation strategy to solve the Schrödinger-Poisson equations self-consistently to obtain realistic confining and gating potentials for realistic device geometries.

Solar energy is the cleanest form of renewable energy. The most popular form of utilization of solar energy is through the use of photovoltaic cells. Currently the efficiency of available solar cells lies below 20%. To increase the efficiency, multi-junction can be used in solar cells. While developing such devices we need platform to study various characteristics and parameters to optimize device performance.

Many optoelectronic devices utilize a heterojunction of a pair semiconducting materials including high-efficiency MEMS devices, solar cells, LEDs, and VCSELs.

A photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell uses solar energy to split water to hydrogen and oxygen in single integrated device. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a suitable tool to characterize recombination and reaction mechanisms in PEC cell. Full numerical drift-diffusion calculations of the electrochemical impedance were conducted.

This tutorial analyzes the DC characteristics of an InSb p-Channel FET, using the density-gradient theory to add the effect of quantum confinement to the conventional drift-diffusion formulation, without a large increase of computational resources. The confinement effect is applied both in the quantum well channel and on the top insulator interface, which is close to the channel. The use of an anisotropic density-gradient effective mass matrix is demonstrated, so is the technique to configure a general field-dependent mobility model.

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Human ear, full Human skin Outward human ear radiation Porous Layer Select the porous layer properties from the list of Poroacoustic models RCL Options for all permutations of an RCL circuit Waveguide end impedance Flanged pipe, circular Flanged pipe, rectangular Unflanged pipe, circular Unflanged pipe, circular (low ka limit) Pressure Acoustics (FEM Based) Cylindrical Wave Radiation Exterior Field Calculation Interior Impedance Interior Lumped Speaker Boundary Interior Normal Acceleration Interior Normal Displacement Interior Normal Velocity Interior Perforated Plate Interior Sound Hard Boundary Lumped Speaker Boundary Matched Boundary Normal Acceleration Normal Displacement Normal Velocity Perfectly Matched Boundary Plane Wave Radiation Pressure Sound Hard Boundary (Wall) Sound Soft Boundary Spherical Wave Radiation Symmetry Thermoviscous Boundary Layer Impedance Lumped Port Connection to Circuit, Two-port, or Waveguide Periodic Condition Antiperiodicity Continuity Cyclic Symmetry 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(FEM/BEM) to Multibody Dynamics 1 Pressure Acoustics (FEM/BEM) to Shell (interior and exterior) 1 Pressure Acoustics (FEM/BEM) to Solid Mechanics Acoustic-Structure Boundary, Time Explicit For Coupling: Nonlinear Pressure Acoustics, Time Explicit to Elastic Waves, Time Explicit Pressure Acoustics, Time Explicit to Elastic Waves, Time Explicit Acoustic-Thermoviscous Acoustic Boundary For Coupling: Pressure Acoustics (FEM/BEM) to Thermoviscous Acoustics Aeroacoustic-Structure Boundary For Coupling: Linearized Navier-Stokes to Layered Shell 1 Linearized Navier-Stokes to Membrane (interior and exterior) 1 Linearized Navier-Stokes to Multibody Dynamics 1 Linearized Navier-Stokes to Shell (interior and exterior) 1 Linearized Navier-Stokes to Solid Mechanics Pair Acoustic-Structure Boundary For Coupling: Pressure Acoustics to Solid Mechanics (for an assembly geometry) Pair Acoustic-Structure Boundary, Time Explicit For Coupling: Nonlinear Pressure Acoustics, Time Explicit to Elastic Waves, Time Explicit on a geometric assembly Pressure Acoustics, Time Explicit to Elastic Waves, Time Explicit on a geometric assembly Pair Thermoviscous Acoustic-Structure Boundary For Coupling: Thermoviscous Acoustics to Solid Mechanics (for an assembly geometry) Porous-Structure Boundary For Coupling: Poroelastic Material to Layered Shell 1 Poroelastic Material to Membrane (interior and exterior) 1 Poroelastic Material to Multibody Dynamics 1 Poroelastic Material to Shell (interior and exterior) 1 Poroelastic Material to Solid Mechanics Thermoviscous Acoustic-Structure Boundary For Coupling: Thermoviscous Acoustics to Layered Shell 1 Thermoviscous Acoustics to Membrane (interior and exterior) 1 Thermoviscous Acoustics to Multibody Dynamics 1 Thermoviscous Acoustics to Shell (interior and exterior) 1 Thermoviscous Acoustics to Solid Mechanics Boundary to Point Multiphysics Couplings Acoustic-Pipe Acoustic Connection For Coupling: Pressure Acoustics (FEM) to Pipe Acoustics Domain Multiphysics Couplings Aeroacoustic Flow Source Coupling For Coupling: Fluid Flow (LES) to Pressure Acoustics, Frequency Domain Background Fluid Flow Coupling For Coupling: Fluid Flow to Convected Wave Equation Fluid Flow to Linearized Euler Fluid Flow to Linearized Navier-Stokes Background Potential Flow Coupling For Coupling: Compressible Potential Flow to Linearized Potential Flow Lorentz Coupling For Coupling: Magnetic Fields to Solid Mechanics Piezoelectric Effect For Coupling: Solid Mechanics to Electrostatics Piezoelectric Effect, Time Explicit For Coupling: Elastic Waves, Time Explicit to Electrostatics Predefined Multiphysics Interfaces Acoustic-Piezoelectric Interaction, Frequency Domain Multiphysics Couplings Acoustic-Structure Boundary Piezoelectric Effect Physics Interfaces Electrostatics Pressure Acoustics, Frequency Domain Solid Mechanics Acoustic-Piezoelectric Interaction, Transient Multiphysics Couplings Acoustic-Structure Boundary Piezoelectric Effect Physics 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Directivity Index Calculation Intersection Point 2D (dataset) Intersection Point 3D (dataset) Octave Band (plot) Phase Portrait Poincaré Map Radiation Pattern (plot) Ray (dataset) Ray (plot) Ray Bin (dataset) Ray Evaluation Ray Trajectories Receiver (dataset) Impulse Response (plot) Energy Decay (plot) Volumetric Domain Properties 1D, 2D, 2D Axisymmetric, and 3D Formulations Infinite Acoustic Domain Modeling with Absorbing Layers Infinite Acoustic Domain Modeling with Perfectly Matched Layers Infinite Solid Domain Modeling with Perfectly Matched Layers Initial Values Acoustic-Structure Interaction Piezoelectric Devices Damping and Loss Models Elastic Material Models Piezoelectric Material Model Aeroacoustics Background Acoustic Fields Domain Sources First Order Material Parameters Compressible Potential Flow Model FEM Formulation Linearized Euler Model Galerkin Least Squares (GLS) Stabilized FEM Formulation Linearized Navier-Stokes Model Galerkin Least Squares (GLS) Stabilized FEM Formulation Linearized Potential Flow Model FEM Formulation Elastic Waves Initial Stress and Strain Tensors FEM and dG-FEM Formulations dG-FEM Formulation for Elastic Waves, Time Explicit FEM Formulation for Solid Mechanics and Poroelastic Waves Linear Elastic Material Model Isotropic Orthotorpic and Anisotropic Damping Isotropic, Orthotropic, Anisotropic Loss Factor Rayleigh Damping Piezoelectric Waves, Time Explicit Charge Conservation, Piezoelelctric Mechanical Damping Piezoelelctric Material Poroelastic Material (Biot's Theory) Biot Model (viscous losses) Biot-Allard Model (thermal and viscous losses) Solid Mechanics Added Mass Body Load Fixed Constraint Geometric Nonlinearity Gravity and Rotating Frame Prescribed Acceleration Prescribed Displacement Prescribed Velocity Spring Foundation Geometrical Acoustics Acoustic Diffusion Equation Domain Source Fitted Domain Room Acoustic Diffusion Model FEM Formulation Ray Acoustics Ray and Domain Properties Accumulator Auxilliary Dependent Variables Background Velocity Calculation of Ray Intensity Medium Properties Phase Calculation Ray Detector Ray Termination Ray Release Release Release from Boundary Release from Data File Release from Edge Release from Exterior Field Calculation Release from Grid Release from Point Source with Directivity Release Distributions Conical Expression Hemispherical Lambertian Spherical Pressure Acoustics Anisotropic Acoustics Heat Source Monopole and Dipole Domain Source Aeroacoustic Flow Source Aeroacoustic Wave Equation Lighthill Background Pressure Field Cylindrical Wave Plane Wave Spherical Wave User Defined FEM, BEM, and dG-FEM Formulations BEM Formulation for Pressure Acoustics, Boundary Elements dG-FEM Formulation for Pressure Acoustics, Time Explicit FEM Formulation for Pressure Acoustics, Frequency Domain and Pressure Acoustics, Transient Stabilized BEM Formulation for Pressure Acoustics, Boundary Elements Fluid Model Atmosphere Attenuation General Dissipation Ideal Gas Linear Elastic Ocean Attenuation Thermally Conducting Thermally Conducting and Viscous User-Defined Attenuation Viscous Kirchhoff-Helmholtz (HFBEM) Formulation Radiating Object Scattering Object Narrow Region Acoustics Circular Duct Equilateral Triangular Duct Rectangular Duct Slit User Defined Very Narrow Circular Duct (Isothermal) Wide Duct Approximation Poroacoustics Attenborough Biot Parameters (defined in JCA model) Delaney-Bazley-Miki Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Pride-Lafarge (JCAPL) Limp and Rigid Porous Matrix Approximations Three-parameter approximation JCAL model Williams EDFM (equivalent density fluid model) Wilson Wood (model for a suspension) Zwikker-Kosten Thermoviscous Acoustics Heat Source Background Acoustic Fields Plane Wave User Defined Nonlinear Thermoviscous Acoustics Contributions (for Time Dependent models) Galerkin Least Squares (GLS) Stabilized FEM Formulation Thermoviscous Acoustics Model (Thermally-Conducting Viscous Fluid Model: Linearized Navier-Stokes, Continuity, and Energy Equations in Quiescent Conditions) FEM Formulation Ultrasound Domain Sources Convected Wave Equation Model (Linearized Euler Equation with Adiabatic Assumption) dG-FEM (Time Explicit) Formulation Nonlinear Pressure Acoustics, Time Explicit Model (Westervelt equivalent) dG-FEM (Time Explicit) Formulation Chemical Physics Interfaces and Study Types Chemistry Thermodynamics coupling Electrophoretic Transport Stationary Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Moisture Flow Laminar Flow Stationary Time dependent Porous Media Flow 4 Stationary 4 Time Dependent 4 Turbulent Flow, Algebraic yPlus Stationary Time dependent Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon Stationary Time dependent Turbulent Flow, k-omega 1 Stationary 1 Time dependent 1 Turbulent Flow, L-VEL Stationary Time dependent Turbulent Flow, Low-Re k-epsilon Stationary Time dependent Turbulent Flow, Spalart-Allmaras 1 Stationary 1 Time dependent 1 Turbulent Flow, SST 1 Stationary 1 Time dependent 1 Moisture Transport in Air Stationary Time Dependent Moisture Transport in Porous Media Stationary Time Dependent Nernst-Planck Equations Stationary Time Dependent Nernst-Planck-Poisson Equations Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Pipe Flow Add-on for Multiple-Species User Interface Stationary Time Dependent Reaction Engineering Stationary Plug Flow Thermodynamics coupling Time Dependent Surface Reactions Stationary Transient Transport of Concentrated Species Stationary Time Dependent Transport of Concentrated Species in Porous Media Stationary Time Dependent Transport of Diluted Species Add-on for Multiple-Species User Interface Stationary Time Dependent Transport of Diluted Species in Fractures Stationary Time Dependent Transport of Diluted Species in Pipes Add-on for Multiple-Species User Interface Stationary Time Dependent Transport of Diluted Species in Porous Media Stationary Time Dependent Moisture Transport Hygroscopic Porous Medium Stationary Time Dependent Moisture Transport in Air Stationary Time Dependent Moisture Transport in Building Material Stationary Time Dependent Nonisothermal Reacting Flow Laminar Flow 5 Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon 6 Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, k-omega 6 Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, Low Re k-epsilon 6 Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, SST 6 Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Reacting Flow Laminar Flow Stationary Time dependent Laminar Flow, Diluted Species Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon, Diluted Species Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, k-omega Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, k-omega, Diluted Species Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, Low Re k-epsilon Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, Low Re k-epsilon, Diluted Species Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, SST Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, SST, Diluted Species Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Flow in Porous Media Reacting Flow in Packed Beds, Concentrated Species Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Flow in Packed Beds, Diluted Species Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Flow in Porous Catalysts, Concentrated Species Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Flow in Porous Catalysts, Diluted Species Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Concentrated Species Stationary Time Dependent Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Diluted Species Stationary Time Dependent Rotating Machinery, Reacting Flow Laminar Flow Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Turbulent Flow, k-omega Frozen Rotor 1 Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Turbulent Flow, Low-Re k-epsilon Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Turbulent Flow, SST Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Boundary Conditions Axial Symmetry Concentration Continuity Current Density Current Discontinuity Electric Insulation Electric Potential Electrode Surface Coupling Flux Flux Discontinuity Mass Outflow No Flux Open Boundary Out-of-Plane Flux Outflow Partition Condition Periodic Condition Porous Electrode Coupling Reacting Boundary Surface Equilibrium Reaction Surface Reactions Symmetry Thin Diffusion Barrier Thin Impermeable Barrier Volatilization Fracture Adsorption Inflow Danckwerts Inflow Condition Inflow with Mixture Specification Densities Mass Flow rates Mass Fractions Molar Concentrations Mole Fractions Number Densities Moisture Transport Inflow Insulation Moist Surface Moisture Content Open boundary Outflow Periodic Condition Symmetry Thin Moisture Barrier Wet Surface Moisture Flux Convective Moisture Flux - concentrations difference - forced convection correlations Convective Moisture Flux - concentrations difference - from heat and moisture transport analogy Convective Moisture Flux - concentrations difference - natural convection correlations Convective Moisture Flux - pressures difference - user defined Chemical Kinetics Parameter estimation in Reaction Engineering 1 CHEMKIN file import of thermo- transport- and kinetic data CHEMKIN file import Surface CHEMKIN file import Edge and Point Conditions Flux Line Mass Source Point Mass Source Thermodynamics of Liquids and Gases Thermodynamics Predefined System Species Properties Database User-Defined Species External Thermodynamic System Generate Chemistry Generate Material Thermodynamic System Generate Chemistry Generate Material Steam and Water Properties (IAPWS) Volumetric Domain Properties 1D, 2D, Axisymmetric, and 3D Formulations Convection and Diffusion Electrochemical Reactions Equilibrium Reaction Free Flow Generate Space-Dependent Model Infinite Domain Modeling with Infinite Elements Initial Values Isotropic Diffusion Mass Based Concentrations Migration in Electric Field Multiple-Species User Interface Reactions Species Source Wall Mass Transfer Effective Diffusivity Models Bruggeman Millington and Quirk Tortuosity Packed Bed, Transport of Concentrated Species Fluid Pellets Pellet-Fluid Interface Reactions Transport Properties Packed Bed, Transport of Diluted Species Fluid Pellets Diffusion Pellet-Fluid Interface Reactions Porous Catalyst, Transport of Concentrated Species Adsorption Fluid Porous Matrix Surface Reaction Porous Catalyst, Transport of Diluted Species Adsorption Fluid Porous Matrix Surface Reaction Porous Medium, Transport of Concentrated Species Fluid Porous Matrix Porous Medium, Transport of Diluted Species Adsorption Dispersion Fluid Porous Matrix Reactions, Chemical Reaction Engineering Automatic Kinetics Generation Balance Reaction Species, Chemical Reaction Engineering Automatic definition of molar mass from the chemical formula Unsaturated Porous Medium Adsorption Dispersion Gas Liquid Porous Matrix Diffusion-Models for Transport of Concentrated Species Fick's Law Knudsen Diffusion Maxwell-Stefan Mixture-Averaged Moisture Transport Building Material Moisture Source Moist Air Turbulent Mixing Multiphysics Couplings Hygroscopic Swelling Solid Mechanics Electrochemistry Boundary Conditions Insulation Non-Deforming Boundary Cathodic Protection Surfaces Connection Surface Impressed Current Surface Infinite Electrolyte Passive Metal Surface Protected Metal Surface Thin Passive Metal Surface Thin Protected Metal Surface Electrode Charge-Discharge Cycling Circuit Terminal Current Current Density Electrode Power External Short Ground Potential Thin Electrode Layer Thin Electrode Surface Thin Gas Diffusion Electrode Electrode Surface Adsorbing-Desorbing Species Boundary Electrochemical Heat Source Deforming Electrode Surface Dissolving-Depositing Species Double Layer Capacitance Film Resistance Heat of Reaction Non-Faradaic Reactions Electrode Reaction Butler-Volmer Kinetics Concentration Dependent Kinetics Equilibrium Potential by Nernst Equation Fast Irreversible Electrode Reaction Lithium Metal Deposition Tafel Kinetics Thermodynamic Equilibrium (Primary Condition) User defined Electrolyte Concentration Current Current Density Fast Irreversible Surface Reaction Flux Inflow No Flux Open Boundary Outflow Thin Electrolyte Layer Ion-Exchange Membrane Boundary Donnan Potentials Pair Boundary Conditions on Interior Boundaries Continuity Insulation Symmetry Edge and Point Conditions Electric Reference Potential Electrode Potential at Edges and Points Electrolyte Potential at Edges and Points Impressed Current Point Line Current Source Pipe Electrode Surface Pipe Point Sacrificial Anode Point Current Source Reference Electrode Edge Electrode Connection Point Double Layer Capacitance Electrode Reaction Sacrificial Edge Anode Connection Point Electrode Reaction Wiring Edges Material Libraries Battery Electrode Materials with Equilibrium Potentials Battery Electrolytes Corrosion Polarization Data Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Electrolytes Seawater Conductivity Physics Interfaces Battery Equivalent Circuit Battery with Binary Electrolyte Cathodic Protection Corrosion, Deformed Geometry Current Distribution, Boundary Elements Current Distribution, Pipe Current Distribution, Shell Electroanalysis Electrode, Shell Electrodeposition, Deformed Geometry Hydrogen Fuel Cell Lead-Acid Battery Lithium-Ion Battery Lithium-Ion Battery, Deformed Geometry Lumped Battery Primary Current Distribution Secondary Current Distribution Single Particle Battery Tertiary Current Distribution, Nernst-Planck Water Electrolyzer Study Types AC Impedance Cyclic Voltammetry Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Thermodynamics Built-in Calculation of Equilibrium Potentials Built-in Calculation of Fluid Properties Built-in Calculation of Relative Humidity Thermodynamics Database Volumetric Domain Properties 1D, 2D, Axisymmetric, and 3D Formulations Current and Species Transport in Concentrated Binary Electrolytes Domain Deformations Coupled To Electrochemistry Electrochemical Heating Multiphysics Coupling Electrolyte Highly Conductive Porous Electrode Intercalating Species (Li, Hydrogen, or other) Ion-Exchange Membrane Porous Conductive Binder Reactions Separator Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) Effective Transport Parameter Correction Bruggeman Tortuosity User Defined Porous Electrode Dissolving-Depositing Species Film Resistance Non-Faradaic Reaction Porous Electrode Reaction Porous Matrix Double Layer Capacitance Current Source Electronic Ionic Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Water Electrolyzers Gas Diffusion Electrode Gas Diffusion Layer Gas Flow Channel Gas-Electrolyte Compartment Water Condensation-Evaporation Water Gas Shift Reaction Membrane Electroosmotic Water Drag Gas Crossover Infinite Domain Modeling with Infinite Elements Electrode Electrolyte Lead-Acid Battery Electrolyte Reservoir Separator Porous Electrode Negative Porous Electrode Positive Porous Electrode Li-Ion Battery Concentrated Binary Electrolyte Initial Cell Charge Distribution Single-Ion Conductor Porous Electrodes Additional Porous Electrode Material Li Intercalation Negative Electrode Positive Electrode Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) Stress and Strain in Electrode Particles Fluid Flow Physics Interfaces and Study Types High Mach Number Flow Compressible Euler Equations Time Dependent Laminar Flow Stationary Time Dependent Rotating Machinery, k-epsilon Frozen Rotor Time Dependent Rotating Machinery, Laminar Flow Frozen Rotor Time Dependent Rotating Machinery, Spalart-Allmaras Frozen Rotor with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Turbulent Flow, Spalart-Allmaras Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Multiphase Flow Bubbly Flow, Algebraic yPlus Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Bubbly Flow, k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Bubbly Flow, k-omega Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Bubbly Flow, L-VEL Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Bubbly Flow, Laminar Flow Stationary Time Dependent Bubbly Flow, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Bubbly Flow, Realizable k-epsilon Stationary Time-Dependent Bubbly Flow, Spalart-Allmaras Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Bubbly Flow, SST Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Bubbly Flow, v2-f Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Euler-Euler Model, Laminar Flow Stationary Time Dependent Euler-Euler Model, Turbulent Flow Stationary Time Dependent Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Moving Mesh Time Dependent Mixture Model, Algebraic yPlus Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Mixture Model, k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Mixture Model, k-omega Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Mixture Model, L-VEL Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Mixture Model, Laminar Flow Stationary Time Dependent Mixture Model, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Mixture Model, Realizable k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Mixture Model, Spalart-Allmaras Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Mixture Model, SST Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Mixture Model, v2-f Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, Algebraic yPlus Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Nonisothermal Mixture Model, k-omega Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, L-VEL Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, Laminar Flow Stationary Time Dependent Nonisothermal Mixture Model, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, Realizable k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Nonisothermal Mixture Model, Spalart-Allmaras Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, SST Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Nonisothermal Mixture Model, v2-f Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport Stationary Time Dependent Phase Transport, Mixture Model, Algebraic yPlus Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport, Mixture Model, k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Phase Transport, Mixture Model, k-omega Stationary Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport, Mixture Model, L-VEL Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport, Mixture Model, Laminar Flow Stationary Time Dependent Phase Transport, Mixture Model, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport, Mixture Model, Realizable k-epsilon Stationary Time Dependent Phase Transport, Mixture Model, Spalart-Allmaras Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport, Mixture Model, SST Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Phase Transport, Mixture Model, v2-f Stationary with Initialization Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, Algebraic yPlus Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, k-epsilon Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, k-omega Time Dependent with Initialization Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, L-VEL Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, Laminar Flow Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, Realizable k-epsilon Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, Spalart-Allmaras Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, SST Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Level Set, v2-f Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, Algebraic yPlus Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, k-epsilon Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, k-omega Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, L-VEL Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, Laminar Flow Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, Realizable k-epsilon Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, Spalart-Allmaras Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, SST Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Mixture Model, v2-f Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, Algebraic yPlus Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, k-epsilon Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, k-omega Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, L-VEL Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, Laminar Flow Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, Realizable k-epsilon Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, Spalart-Allmaras Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, SST Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Field, v2-f Time Dependent with Initialization Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, Algebraic yPlus Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, k-epsilon Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, k-omega Frozen Rotor 1 Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, L-VEL Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, Laminar Flow Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, Low-Reynolds k-epsilon Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, Realizable k-epsilon Frozen Rotor 1 Time Dependent 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, Spalart-Allmaras Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, SST Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Rotating Machinery, Phase Transport Mixture Model, v2-f Frozen Rotor with Initialization 1 Time Dependent with Initialization 1 Three-Phase Flow, Phase Field, Laminar Time Dependent Two-Phase Flow, Level Set, Algebraic yPlus Time Dependent with Initialization Two-Phase Flow, Level Set, Brinkman Equations Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Two-Phase Flow, Level Set, k-epsilon Time Dependent with Phase Initialization Two-Phase Flow, Level Set, k-omega Time Dependent