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Multibody Dynamics Module

Simulate the Dynamics of Multibody Systems

The Multibody Dynamics Module, an add-on to the COMSOL Multiphysics® software, provides an advanced set of features for designing and optimizing 2D and 3D multibody systems using finite element analysis (FEA). The module has the ability to simulate mixed systems of flexible and rigid bodies in order to find the critical components in a system, all while saving computational effort. This enables more detailed component-level structural analyses in major application areas, such as automotive engineering, aerospace engineering, biomechanics, and more.

The module includes built-in multiphysics couplings such as acoustic–structure, solid–bearing, and fluid–multibody interactions. The Multibody Dynamics Module can be combined with other modules in the COMSOL product suite to include effects such as advanced heat transfer, fluid flow, acoustics, and electromagnetics. Additionally, modeling can be further extended to include nonlinear structural materials and CAD import functionality. rt functionality.

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A differential gear model showing the displacement magnitude.
A three-cylinder reciprocating engine model with three connecting rods showing the stress at the center rod.

Rigid and Flexible Parts

When modeling multibody systems, flexible and rigid bodies are connected using various types of joints, gears, cams, bearings, springs, or dampers and are subjected to large displacements and rotations. One of the advantages of using the Multibody Dynamics Module is how easy it is to mix rigid and flexible parts.

Generally, all or the majority of the parts in a multibody simulation are rigid and are thus represented by only the degrees of freedom of a rigid body. However, in some cases, it may be desirable to represent one or several parts as flexible. With the material models available within the module, it is possible to selectively assign rigid and flexible parts to a model for detailed structural analyses that include the effects of nonlinear materials. The Multibody Dynamics Module can be used, for example, to calculate forces experienced at the joints of the rigid parts of the structure as well as stresses generated in the flexible components.

Static and Dynamic Analyses

The Multibody Dynamics Module can be used for modeling the static and dynamic behavior of components that undergo combinations of translational and rotational motions with respect to one another. For dynamic models, it is possible to perform various types of analyses, such as:

The module can be used to simulate, for example, the dynamics of transmission components like gears or chains. The results from a multibody analysis can then be used for other types of analysis, such as fatigue evaluation or acoustic analysis to find noise emitted by the system.

Some examples of quantities that can be computed are displacements, velocities, accelerations, joint forces, gear contact forces, and — in flexible parts — stresses. Frictional contact between rigid bodies can also be modeled, which is much more robust and faster compared to a standard mesh-based contact.

A close-up view of a roller bearing model showing the velocity magnitude and direction of contact forces.
A close-up view of a conical bevel gear model on a rigid body.
A close-up view of a roller chain sprocket assembly showing the stress.
A close-up view of a roller conveyor model showing the frictional contact.

Features and Functionality in the Multibody Dynamics Module

Design and optimize multibody systems with the COMSOL® software.

A close-up view of the Model Builder with the Multibody Dynamics node highlighted and a hinge joint model in the Graphics window.

Built-In Interfaces

When working with multibody dynamics analyses, all steps in the modeling process are accessed within the COMSOL Multiphysics® environment. One of the most important features in the Multibody Dynamics Module is the built-in Multibody Dynamics interface, which is used for modeling assemblies of flexible components, rigid components, or the combination of both. The available options cover modeling of various types of joints, gears, chain sprocket assemblies, and cam-follower mechanisms. Meshing and solver settings are handled automatically by the software, with options for manual editing.

A close-up view of the Model Builder and a 1D plot in the Graphics window.

Lumped Mechanical Systems

The Lumped Mechanical System interface is available for modeling an abstract mechanical system using a circuit representation with lumped components, such as masses and springs. The lumped components can be arranged in series or in parallel for analyzing displacements, velocities, accelerations, and forces.

The Lumped-Structure Connection multiphysics coupling can be used to insert these systems into finite element (FE) models built using any structural mechanics physics interface.

A close-up view of the Model Builder with the Multibody Dynamics interface highlighted and an elastic roller chain model in the Graphics window.

Chain Drives

A typical chain drive is an assembly of two or more sprockets with a chain wrapped around them that transfers mechanical power from one shaft to another. Using the Chain Drive feature in the Multibody Dynamics interface, roller chain sprocket assemblies can be modeled in 2D or 3D. This feature determines the interactions within a chain drive assembly and automatically generates a set of multibody dynamics features used for describing the assembly's behavior.

A close-up view of the Radial Roller Bearing Settings window and a gear model in the Graphics window.

Radial Roller Bearings

Roller bearings are often used for low-speed applications where noise is not an important consideration. These bearings have a limited life, especially in the case of misalignment, but can be easily replaced due to their low cost.

The Multibody Dynamics Module, together with the Rotordynamics Module, provides the following different types of predefined radial roller bearings in 3D:

  • Deep groove ball
  • Angular contact ball
  • Self-aligning ball
  • Spherical roller
  • Cylindrical roller
  • Tapered roller
A close-up view of the Cam-Follower settings and a valve-opening model in the Graphics window.

Cam–Follower Connection

The Cam-Follower connection feature is used for modeling a simplified contact by applying a bidirectional constraint between a cam and its follower. A cam–follower system is defined through a set of boundaries or edges that is being followed by a point. The cam can be defined on rigid bodies as well as elastic bodies. Thus, cam boundaries or edges can undergo any kind of rigid body motion or deformation.

This feature makes it possible to draw any user-defined cam profile as a geometry model and compute the follower motion in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration curves. It is also possible to compute the connection force at the contact point and hence, by looking at the sign of the connection force, predict an intermittent contact between the cam and follower.

A close-up view of the Model Builder and a gearbox model in the Graphics window.

Component Mode Synthesis (CMS)

In the Multibody Dynamics Module, it is possible to reduce linear components to computationally efficient reduced-order models using the Craig–Bampton method. Such components can then be used in a model consisting entirely of reduced components or together with nonreduced elastic FE models where the latter can then be nonlinear. The approach, which is called component mode synthesis or dynamic substructuring, can give large improvements in terms of computing time and memory usage.

A close-up view of the Multibody Dynamics Settings and a centrifugal governor model in the Graphics window.

Collection of Joints

For designing realistic multibody dynamics systems, the module includes a collection of predefined joints. The relative motion between interconnected multibody components is constrained according to the type of joint. The following joint types are available:

  • Prismatic
  • Hinge
  • Cylindrical
  • Screw
  • Planar
  • Ball
  • Slot
  • Reduced slot
  • Fixed
  • Distance
  • Universal

Additional properties can be applied to the joints, such as elasticity, friction, constraints (allowing maximum movement), and locking.

The Joints interface can be used to analyze mechanical assemblies connected by various types of joints. It also streamlines the modeling of connections within the Solid Mechanics, Shell, and Beam interfaces.

A close-up view of the Spur Gear settings and a gear train model in the Graphics window.

Collection of Gears and Racks

A collection of predefined gears and racks is included in order to easily and robustly create models of transmission systems with many moving parts. It helps in identifying the correct gear pair by automatically checking for the comparability criteria of correct gear-tooth meshing. The gears can be mounted on a rigid or a flexible shaft either directly or by using hinges and bushings.

In order to make a transmission system model more accurate and realistic, a gear pair can additionally include elasticity, transmission error, backlash, and friction. The following gear and rack types are available:

  • Spur gear, external
  • Spur gear, internal
  • Helical gear, external
  • Helical gear, internal
  • Bevel gear
  • Worm gear
  • Spur rack
  • Helical rack
A close-up view of the Rigid Body Contact Settings window and a cylindrical roller bearing model in the Graphics window.

Rigid Body Contact and Friction

To model mechanical contact between rigid bodies, a Rigid Body Contact feature is available for modeling meshless contact between standard-shape rigid bodies. Depending on the shape of the source and destination bodies, different types of formulations are available:

  • Spherical to spherical
  • Spherical to cylindrical
  • Spherical to planar
  • Spherical to arbitrary
  • Cylindrical to cylindrical
  • Cylindrical to planar

In addition to the rigid body contact formulations, a general formulation is available for distributed contact between two bodies where at least one is flexible.

A close-up view of the Model Builder with the Hydrodynamic Bearing node highlighted and an engine model in the Graphics window.

Hydrodynamic Bearings

Performing multibody analysis of hydrodynamic bearings requires a coupling with the Hydrodynamic Bearing interface in the Rotordynamics Module. The interface is intended for analysis of fluid film bearings in 3D, efficiently modeled using a surface geometry. When both a Multibody Dynamics interface and a Hydrodynamic Bearing interface are present in the model, a Solid-Bearing Coupling multiphysics coupling is available and enables the modeling of the following journal bearings in a multibody system:

  • Plain journal
  • Elliptic journal
  • Split-halves journal
  • Multilobe journal
  • Tilted-pad journal
A close-up view of the Part Libraries in COMSOL Multiphysics showing an example of a helical gear geometry.

Part Library

The Multibody Dynamics Module contains a built-in Part Library for creating different types of gears in 2D and 3D. The parts can be used to build a gear tooth, a single gear, a pair of gears, or a gear train. All of the gear geometries are parameterized, and the input parameters can be varied to customize the gear tooth or gear blank shape. To avoid building an invalid geometry, a feature is available that checks that the input parameter values are consistent.

Since the gear features are pure mathematical descriptions, the geometrical parts are mainly used for visualization purposes. It is, however, also possible to use them for detailed FE models. Similarly, parameterized parts for sprockets and roller chains are available.

Multiphysics Couplings for Extended Multibody Dynamics Analyses

Easily combine two or more physics interactions, all within the same software environment.

A close-up view of a gearbox model showing the normal acceleration.

Vibroacoustics

Perform multibody analyses to compute acoustic vibrations and noise.1

A close-up view of three power switch models.

Electromechanical Devices

Simulate rigid body dynamics under the influence of magnetic forces or induced currents.2

A close-up view of a disc brake model showing the temperature.

Thermal Expansion

Analyze frictional heating and thermal expansion.3

A close-up view of a crankshaft model.

Rotordynamics

Combine a bearing simulation together with a multibody simulation.4

A close-up view of a washing machine model.

Structural Mechanics

Augment multibody dynamics models with general structural mechanics to model, for example, beams, shells, and nonlinear materials.5

A close-up view of an induction motor model showing the stress.

Electromagnetics and Vibration

Simulate electromagnetic effects and vibrations in 2D and 3D.2

A close-up view of a mechanism submerged in fluid showing the velocity field and pressure.

Fluid–Multibody Interaction

Model phenomena where a fluid and a rigid or deformable solid affect each other.

A close-up view of a rod showing the stress.

Fatigue

Perform fatigue analyses of critical flexible bodies.6

  1. Requires the Acoustics Module
  2. Requires the AC/DC Module
  3. Requires the Heat Transfer Module
  4. Requires the Rotordynamics Module
  5. Requires the Structural Mechanics Module
  6. Requires the Fatigue Module

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